NAD+ is an essential cellular coenzyme involved in redox chemistry and energy metabolism. As a substrate for sirtuins, PARPs and CD38, it is researched in mitochondrial regulation, DNA-damage signalling, stress responses and metabolic communication.
Current work examines NAD+ availability and NAD-dependent pathways as mechanistic and translational research questions, not established clinical benefits.
Explore NAD+ researchResearch context only; not a therapeutic claim.GHK-Cu is a copper-binding tripeptide studied in gene-expression, extracellular-matrix, collagen- and elastin-related pathways, cellular migration, copper homeostasis and oxidative-stress responses.
Research also examines skin and tissue-repair mechanisms. Evidence remains primarily laboratory, preclinical or cosmetic and does not establish a therapeutic benefit.
Explore GHK-Cu researchResearch context only; not a therapeutic claim.
Five key research areas Cellular energy — a mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for metabolic energy regulation. Exercise response — naturally occurring MOTS-C increased in human muscle and circulation following exercise. ...
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Five key research areas Sexual desire — acts on melanocortin pathways in the brain associated with desire. Arousal signalling — researched for central nervous-system signalling rather than direct vasodilation. Sexual distre...
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Five key research areas Growth-hormone release — activates GHRH receptors and increases growth-hormone/IGF-1 signalling. Visceral fat — regulated trials examined abdominal fat surrounding internal organs in specific populati...
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Five key research areas Digestive lining — studied in preclinical models examining the stomach, intestinal barrier and gastrointestinal repair responses. Tendons and ligaments — investigated for signals involved in connectiv...
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Five key research areas Complementary signalling — CJC targets the GHRH receptor while GHRP-6 targets the ghrelin receptor. Hormone pulses — studied for whether the two pathways alter the strength and timing of growth-hormon...
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Five key research areas Cellular energy — essential for transferring electrons during the conversion of nutrients into ATP. Mitochondria — required for oxidative phosphorylation and normal mitochondrial energy production. D...
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Five key research areas Mitochondrial membranes — binds cardiolipin within the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP production — studied for mitochondrial capacity and the production of usable cellular energy. Oxidative stress...
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Five key research areas Cellular ageing — studied for pathways associated with cell lifespan and cellular senescence. Telomere biology — investigated in laboratory models for possible effects on telomerase and telomere maint...
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Five key research areas Reproductive hormones — activates signals upstream of LH and FSH release. Ovulation biology — studied for the hormonal surge involved in egg maturation and ovulation. Fertility pathways — central to ...
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Five key research areas Growth-hormone release — activates the ghrelin receptor and is studied for pituitary growth-hormone secretion. Appetite — ghrelin-receptor activity is closely connected with hunger and feeding signals...
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Five key research areas Muscle development — IGF-1 is a powerful growth signal involved in muscle-cell development and protein synthesis. Bone biology — participates in skeletal growth, bone-cell activity and tissue developm...
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Five key research areas Collagen — studied for signalling that may increase collagen production and support skin structure. Elastin and firmness — investigated for extracellular-matrix activity associated with elasticity and...
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